Research Projects

The Ganga River, essential to millions in India, faces severe antibiotic contamination that threatens ecosystems and human health by promoting antibiotic resistance. This project addresses these challenges by (i) mapping antibiotic levels in the Ganga to identify contamination hotspots and seasonal variations, (ii) analyzing interactions between antibiotics and riverine components like sediments, mineral colloids, and organic matter to understand their stability and transport, and (iii) developing sustainable, redox-active nanocomposites to effectively degrade antibiotics in water. Research Hypothesis and Approach: We hypothesize that geochemical conditions—especially pH, mineral colloids, and organic matter—significantly influence antibiotic stability, impacting their persistence and transport in the river. Further, we propose that redox-active nanocomposites derived from zero-valent iron (nZVI), stabilized with biochar and fruit waste-derived carbon dots and antioxidants, will enhance antibiotic degradation, even under varying conditions. This approach combines field sampling, laboratory analysis, and the development of an innovative filtration system using these sustainable nanomaterials. Experimental Design: Antibiotic Monitoring: Seasonal sampling of urban, agricultural, and industrial zones along the Ganga, with UPLC-PDA analysis, will quantify antibiotics like Ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline. Results will help identify contamination patterns and relate them to water quality indicators. Fate Analysis: Laboratory experiments will examine how antibiotics interact with sediments and colloids in different pH and salinity conditions, using a rainfall simulator to replicate natural processes. These tests will provide insights into the transport and persistence of antibiotics in the river. Nanocomposite Development: Pyrite-derived sulfur-modified nZVI particles, combined with biochar and fruit-derived carbon dots, will form redox-active nanocomposites. These will be extensively characterized (e.g., SEM, TEM, FTIR) to confirm their structural properties and stability. Filtration Testing: Batch degradation tests and continuous filtration experiments will evaluate the nanocomposites’ antibiotic removal efficiency and model breakthrough curves for long-term use. Expected Outcomes and Impact: This project will advance understanding of antibiotic distribution in the Ganga and inform initiatives like Namami Gange. By developing scalable, eco-friendly remediation technologies, the project supports sustainable development goals (SDGs) and offers a foundation for broader applications in water quality management, contributing to cleaner rivers in India and beyond.